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Council
of Laodicea – Wikipedia
The following is an article “Council of Laodicea” from
Wikipedia:
Council of Laodicea The canons of the Synod of Laodicea
posted in the ruins of the central church of Laodicea The Council of Laodicea
was a regional Christian synod of approximately thirty clerics from Asia Minor
which assembled about 363–364 in Laodicea, Phrygia Pacatiana. The council took
place soon after the conclusion of the war between the Roman Empire and the
Persian Empire, waged by Emperor Julian. Julian, the last Constantinian
emperor, attempted a revival of paganism. After his death in battle on 26 June
363, officers of the army elected the Christian Jovian as his successor.
Jovian, in a precarious position, far from supplies, ended the war with Persia
unfavorably for Rome. He was soon succeeded by Valentinian I, who named his
brother Valens as Emperor of the East. The major concerns of the council
involved regulating the conduct of church members. The council expressed its
decrees in the form of written rules or canons. Among the sixty canons decreed,
several aimed at: Historical context Major concerns Maintaining order among
bishops, clerics and laypeople (canons 3–5, 11–13, 21–27, 40–44, 56–57)
Enforcing modest behavior of clerics and laypeople (4, 27, 30, 36, 53–55)
Regulating approach to heretics (canons 6–10, 31–34, 37), Jews (canons 16,
37–38) and pagans (canon 39) Outlawing Judaizing by resting on the Sabbath
(Saturday), and encouraging rest on Sunday (canon 29) Outlining liturgical
practices (canons 14–20, 21–23, 25, 28, 58–59) Restrictions during lent (canons
45, 49–52) Admission and instruction of catechumens and neophytes (canons
45–48) Specifying a biblical canon (canons 59–60) Condemning forsaking the
Church of God and invoking of Angels instead (canon 35) The 59th canon forbade
the readings in churches of uncanonical books. The 60th canon listed canonical
books, with the New Testament containing 26 books, omitting the Book of
Revelation, and the Old Testament including 22 books from the Tanakh and some
deuterocanonical books as the Book of Baruch and the Epistle of Jeremiah. [1]
The authenticity of the 60th canon is doubtful,[2] as it is missing from
various Greek manuscripts and may have been added later[1] to specify the
extent of the preceding 59th canon. The Latin version of the canons of Laodicea
consistently omit the canon list. Earlier, around 350, Cyril of Jerusalem had
produced a list of biblical books similar to that of the disputed 60th
canon.[3] The council marks the first occasion in Christianity of the explicit
condemnation of astrology, a matter on which theologians and legislators had
not yet reached consensus.[4][5] 1. Council of Laodicea
(http://www.bible-researcher.com/laodicea.html) at bibleresearcher.com.
Retrieved 2011-10-05. 2. "Synod of Laodicea"
(https://www.newadvent.org/fathers/3806.htm) Nicene and PostNicene Fathers,
Second Series, Vol. 14. Philip Schaff and Henry Wace (eds). Buffalo, NY:
Christian Literature Publishing Co., (1900). "[N. B.— This Canon is of
most questionable genuineness.]", retrieved 2011-10-06. 3. Cyril of
Jerusalem on the Canon (http://www.bible-researcher.com/cyril.html) at
bibleresearcher.com, retrieved 2011-10-05. Biblical canon Astrology References
4. Tester, Jim (1987). A history of western astrology. Woodbridge: Boydell. p.
55. ISBN 0- 85115-255-4. 5. Halfond, Gregory (2011). "Tenebrae Refulgeant:
Celestial Signa in Gregory of Tours". The Heroic Age. 15. "Synod of
Laodicea (4th Century)", The Canons
(https://www.newadvent.org/fathers/3806.ht m) with annotations, from Schaff
Philip Schaff (ed.), The Seven Ecumenical Councils (A Select Library of the
Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers of the Christian Church, vol. XIV), "The
Canons of the Councils of Ancyra, Gangra, Neocćsarea, Antioch and Laodicea,
which Canons were Accepted and Received by the Ecumenical Synods". Synod
of Laodicea (https://www.ccel.org/ccel/schaff/ npnf214.viii.vii.i.html). https://www.newadvent.org/fathers/3806.htm
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